AFSWC

• Origins of AFSWC: The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) was established in 1949 at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, originally to manage the development and testing of nuclear weapons and related systems for the United States Air Force. • Manhattan Project Ties: The roots of AFSWC trace back to the Manhattan Project, with many early staff having worked directly on the atomic bomb during World War II. • Sandia National Laboratories Connection: AFSWC worked closely with Sandia National Laboratories, located adjacent to Kirtland AFB, sharing resources and expertise in nuclear weapon design and testing. • Key Role in Nuclear Testing: The Center was responsible for overseeing and supporting atmospheric and underground nuclear tests, including major operations at the Nevada Test Site and Pacific Proving Grounds. • Aircraft Modification: AFSWC played a significant role in modifying aircraft such as the B-29, B-36, and B-47 to carry nuclear weapons, ensuring compatibility and safety. • Operation Greenhouse: In 1951, AFSWC participated in Operation Greenhouse, a series of nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands that helped validate concepts for thermonuclear weapons. • Advancements in Safety: The Center pioneered new safety devices and procedures for nuclear weapons, including the development of "permissive action links" to prevent unauthorized use. • Space and Missile Involvement: AFSWC became involved in early Air Force missile programs, including research on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and anti-ballistic missile defense. • Environmental Studies: The Center conducted some of the first environmental impact studies related to nuclear detonations, influencing future nuclear test protocols worldwide. • Legacy and Evolution: In 1976, AFSWC was absorbed into the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, but its legacy continues today in the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center, which still resides at Kirtland AFB.